Plastic Additives Market Report

from 4.500,00 

Pages
310
Country Profiles
16
Company Profiles
67
Edition
3
Publication
July 2022

Get section-wise pricing

SKU: N/A Category:

Description

This study is currently being completely revised. We plan to publish the 4th edition in May 2024. Therefore we can offer you the update for free, if you order the current edition now.

The Plastic Additives Market Report is now also available in parts (e.g. individual country profiles or all manufacturer profiles). Please feel free to contact us and we will immediately send you an offer for your specific selection.

Request a Free Quote

More than 10,000 different chemicals are found in plastics. Some of them are what turn plastics into useful materials in the first place: additives enable polymers to be processed; they protect plastics against heat, UV radiation and oxidation; they also improve properties such as hardness, flexural strength or fire behavior. For the third time, Ceresana has analyzed the global market for all major plastics additives: Fillers, plasticizers, pigments and dyes, flame retardants, antioxidants, light stabilizers and heat stabilizers, but also, for example, foaming agents, impact modifiers and lubricants. In 2021, global demand for these essential additives reached a total of around 35 million tonnes.

Global Demand for Plastic Additives in 2021

Fillers are More Than Just Extenders

The most widely used plastic additives are fillers: Last year, more than 18.5 million tonnes of calcium carbonates, carbon black, glass fibers and other fillers were used to increase the volume of polymers at a low cost. However, fillers are also increasingly being used to specifically modify certain material properties: Highly filled plastics with up to 85% filler content offer very good mechanical properties and are often more cost-effective than more traditional materials.

 

PVC Needs Large Quantities of Plasticizer

One type of plastic is especially reliant on additives: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) would be a brittle and hard material if plasticizers did not make it more flexible, supple and elastic. PVC manufacturers are by far the largest consumers of plasticizers, for example for the production of cable sheathing or flooring. If colors other than white are desired, PVC granules can be easily colored with pigments. The new Ceresana study also examines the use of additives in polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, engineering plastics and other plastics. The data on PP, PA and PET do not include synthetic fibers.

 

Growing Demand for Plastic Additives

Practical and lightweight plastics are increasingly replacing conventional materials such as wood and metal all over the world. Accordingly, Ceresana expects demand for plastic additives to continue to grow in the coming years. Large quantities of plastics are used in the construction industry, for example in insulation materials, plastic films, door and window frames. The construction industry is the largest application area for plastic additives. Ceresana also forecasts a further increase in demand for these additives in plastic packaging. Other major customers are vehicle manufacturers and the electrical and electronics industry. The current market study details the development of individual plastic additives in the various regions of the world and in the 16 largest national sales markets. Asia-Pacific currently accounts for more than half of total demand for plastic additives, followed by North America and Western Europe.

 

Overview of the Study:

Chapter 1 provides a presentation and analysis of the global market for plastic additives – including forecasts up to 2031: for each region of the world, the demand in tonnes and the revenue in USD and EUR are detailed. In addition, global and regional demand per product type and per application area is analyzed.

The following types of plastic additives are considered in detail:

Application areas examined in this study:

  • Packaging
  • Construction
  • Transportation
  • Electrical & Electronics
  • Industrial Products
  • Other applications

Chapter 2 looks at 16 countries individually. Country-specific demand, demand per type of additive, demand per type of plastic and revenues are given. In addition, the demand for the individual application areas is analyzed.
The following plastic types are considered individually:

Chapter 3 provides useful company profiles of the most important manufacturers of plastic additives, clearly arranged by contact details, revenue, profit, product range, production sites and brief profile. Detailed profiles are provided by 67 manufacturers, e.g., Aditya Birla Group, BASF SE, Clariant International Ltd., DIC Corporation, Evonik Industries AG, Imerys S.A., Lanxess AG, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Nouryon Specialty Chemicals B.V., and The Dow Chemical Company.

 

Scope of the Report:

Attributes

Details

Base Year2021
Trend Period2019 – 2031
Forecast Period2022 – 2031
Pages310
Pastic Additive TypesFillers, Plasticizers, Pigments, Flame Retardants, Stabilizers, Impact Modifiers, Slip Agents, Antioxidants, Blowing Agents, Other Plastic Additives
Application AreasPackaging, Construction, Transportation, Electrical & Electronics, Industry, Other Applications
Company ProfilesAditya Birla, BASF, Clariant, DIC, Dow, Evonik, Imerys, Lanxess, Mitsubishi Chemical, and Nouryon (Selection)
Edition3rd edition
PublicationJuly 2022

 

FAQs

How high was the demand for plastic additives in 2021?

In 2021, the global demand for plastic additives reached a total of around 35 million tonnes.

 

Which plastic additive types were used most widely in 2021?

With a total of 18.5 million tonnes, fillers represent the most widely used plastic additives.

 

What are the largest areas of application for plastic additives?

The largest application area for plastic additives is the construction industry.

1 Market Data: World and Regions

1.1 World

1.1.1 Demand
1.1.2 Revenues
1.1.3 Applications

1.1.3.1 Packaging
1.1.3.2 Construction
1.1.3.3 Transportation
1.1.3.4 Electrical & Electronics
1.1.3.5 Industry
1.1.3.6 Other Applications

1.1.4 Products

1.1.4.1 Fillers
1.1.4.2 Plasticizers
1.1.4.3 Pigments
1.1.4.4 Flame Retardants
1.1.4.5 Stabilizers
1.1.4.6 Impact Modifiers
1.1.4.7 Slip Agents
1.1.4.8 Antioxidants
1.1.4.9 Blowing Agents
1.14.10 Other Plastic Additives

1.2 Western Europe

1.2.1 Demand
1.2.2 Revenues
1.2.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

1.3 Eastern Europe

1.3.1 Demand
1.3.2 Revenues
1.3.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

1.4 North America

1.4.1 Demand
1.4.2 Revenues
1.4.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

1.5 South America

1.5.1 Demand
1.5.2 Revenues
1.5.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

1.6 Asia-Pacific

1.6.1 Demand
1.6.2 Revenues
1.6.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

1.7 Middle East

1.7.1 Demand
1.7.2 Revenues
1.7.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

1.8 Africa

1.8.1 Demand
1.8.2 Revenues
1.8.3 Applications, Products, and Plastic Types

2 Market Data: Countries

(For each country: data on revenues, demand, applications, products, and plastic types)

2.1 Western Europe

2.1.1 France
2.1.2 Germany
2.1.3 Italy
2.1.4 Spain
2.1.5 United Kingdom
2.1.6 Other Western Europe

2.2 Eastern Europe

2.2.1 Poland
2.2.2 Russia
2.2.3 Turkey
2.2.4 Other Eastern Europe

2.3 North America

2.3.1 Canada
2.3.2 Mexico
2.3.3 USA

2.4 South America

2.4.1 Brazil
2.4.2 Other South America

2.5 Asia-Pacific

2.5.1 China
2.5.2 India
2.5.3 Japan
2.5.4 South Korea
2.5.5 Other Asia-Pacific

3 Company Profiles*

3.1 Western Europe

Belgium (2 Producers)
France (2)
Germany (10)
Italy (2)
Luxembourg (1)
The Netherlands (1)
Switzerland (2)
United Kingdom (3)

3.2 Eastern Europe

Poland (1)

3.3 North America

USA (21)

3.4 Asia-Pacific

India (1)
Japan (13)
Malaysia (1)
South Korea (4)
Taiwan (2)

3.5 Middle East

Israel (1)

*Note: The profiles are assigned to the country in which the company or holding is headquartered. Profiles also include JVs and subsidiaries.

Graph 1: Global demand for plastic additives from 2019 to 2031
Graph 2: Global demand for plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 3: Global revenues generated with plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 4: Global revenues generated with plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 in billion USD – split by regions
Graph 5: Global revenues generated with plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 in billion EUR – split by regions
Graph 6: Global demand for plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 7: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment packaging from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 8: Global demand for plastic additives in the construction industry from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 9: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment transportation from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 10: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment electrical & electronics from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 11: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment industry from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 12: Global demand for plastic additives in other applications from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 13: Worldwide demand for fillers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 14: Global demand for plasticizers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 15: Global demand for pigments from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 16: Global demand for flame retardants from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 17: Global demand for stabilizers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 18: Global demand for impact modifiers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 19: Global demand for lubricants from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 20: Global demand for antioxidants from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 21: Global demand for blowing agents from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 22: Global demand for other plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Graph 23: Demand for plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031
Graph 24: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031, in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 25: Demand for plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 26: Demand for plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031
Graph 27: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031, in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 28: Demand for plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 29: Demand for plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031
Graph 30: Revenues generated with plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031, in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 31: Demand for plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 32: Demand for plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031
Graph 33: Revenues generated with plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031, in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 34: Demand for plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 35: Demand for plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031
Graph 36: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031, in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 37: Demand for plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 38: Demand for plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031
Graph 39: Revenues generated with plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031 in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 40: Demand for plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 41: Demand for plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031
Graph 42: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031, in billion USD and billion EUR
Graph 43: Demand for plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Graph 44: Demand for plastic additives in France from 2019 to 2031
Graph 45: Demand for plastic additives in Germany from 2019 to 2031
Graph 46: Demand for plastic additives in Italy from 2019 to 2031
Graph 47: Demand for plastic additives in Spain from 2019 to 2031
Graph 48: Demand for plastic additives in the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2031
Graph 49: Demand for plastic additives in Other Western Europe from 2019 to 2031
Graph 50: Demand for plastic additives in Poland from 2019 to 2031
Graph 51: Demand for plastic additives in Russia from 2019 to 2031
Graph 52: Demand for plastic additives in Turkey from 2019 to 2031
Graph 53: Demand for plastic additives in Other Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031
Graph 54: Demand for plastic additives in Canada from 2019 to 2031
Graph 55: Demand for plastic additives in Mexico from 2019 to 2031
Graph 56: Demand for plastic additives in the USA from 2019 to 2031
Graph 57: Demand for plastic additives in Brazil from 2019 to 2031
Graph 58: Demand for plastic additives in Other South America from 2019 to 2031
Graph 59: Demand for plastic additives in China from 2019 to 2031
Graph 60: Demand for plastic additives in India from 2019 to 2031
Graph 61: Demand for plastic additives in Japan from 2019 to 2031
Graph 62: Demand for plastic additives in South Korea from 2019 to 2031
Graph 63: Demand for plastic additives in Other Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031

Table 1: Global demand for plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 2: Global revenues generated with plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 in billion USD – split by regions
Table 3: Global revenues generated with plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 in billion EUR – split by regions
Table 4: Global demand for plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 5: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment packaging from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 6: Global demand for plastic additives in the construction industry from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 7: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment transportation from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 8: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment electrical & electronics from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 9: Global demand for plastic additives in the segment industry from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 10: Global demand for plastic additives in other applications from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 11: Global demand for plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 12: Worldwide demand for fillers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 13: Global demand for plasticizers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 14: Global demand for pigments from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 15: Global demand for flame retardants from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 16: Global demand for stabilizers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 17: Global demand for impact modifiers from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 18: Global demand for lubricants from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 19: Global demand for antioxidants from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 20: Global demand for blowing agents from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 21: Global demand for other plastic additives from 2019 to 2031 – split by regions
Table 22: Demand for plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by major countries
Table 23: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 24: Demand for plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 25: Demand for plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 26: Demand for plastic additives in Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 27: Demand for plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by major countries
Table 28: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 29: Demand for plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 30: Demand for plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 31: Demand for plastic additives in Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 32: Demand for plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031 – split by major countries
Table 33: Revenues generated with plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 34: Demand for plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 35: Demand for plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 36: Demand for plastic additives in North America from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 37: Demand for plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by major countries
Table 38: Revenues generated with plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 39: Demand for plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 40: Demand for plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 41: Demand for plastic additives in South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 42: Demand for plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by major countries
Table 43: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 44: Demand for plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 45: Demand for plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 46: Demand for plastic additives in Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 47: Revenues generated with plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 48: Demand for plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 49: Demand for plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 50: Demand for plastic additives in the Middle East from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 51: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 52: Demand for plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 53: Demand for plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 54: Demand for plastic additives in Africa from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 55: Revenues generated with plastic additives in France from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 56: Demand for plastic additives in France from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 57: Demand for plastic additives in France from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 58: Demand for plastic additives in France from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 59: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Germany from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 60: Demand for plastic additives in Germany from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 61: Demand for plastic additives in Germany from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 62: Demand for plastic additives in Germany from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 63: Demand for plastic additives in Italy from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 64: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Italy from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 65: Demand for plastic additives in Italy from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 66: Demand for plastic additives in Italy from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 67: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Spain from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 68: Demand for plastic additives in Spain from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 69: Demand for plastic additives in Spain from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 70: Demand for plastic additives in Spain from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 71: Revenues generated with plastic additives in the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 72: Demand for plastic additives in the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 73: Demand for plastic additives in the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 74: Demand for plastic additives in the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 75: Revenues generated with plastic additives in the remaining countries of Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 76: Demand for plastic additives in Other Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 77: Demand for plastic additives in Other Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 78: Demand for plastic additives in Other Western Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 79: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Poland from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 80: Demand for plastic additives in Poland from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 81: Demand for plastic additives in Poland from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 82: Demand for plastic additives in Poland from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 83: Demand for plastic additives in Russia from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 84: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Russia from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 85: Demand for plastic additives in Russia from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 86: Demand for plastic additives in Russia from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 87: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Turkey from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 88: Demand for plastic additives in Turkey from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 89: Demand for plastic additives in Turkey from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 90: Demand for plastic additives in Turkey from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 91: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Other Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 in billion USD and billion EUR
Table 92: Demand for plastic additives in Other Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 93: Demand for plastic additives in Other Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 94: Demand for plastic additives in Other Eastern Europe from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 95: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Canada from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 96: Demand for plastic additives in Canada from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 97: Demand for plastic additives in Canada from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 98: Demand for plastic additives in Canada from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 99: Demand for plastic additives in Mexico from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 100: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Mexico from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 101: Demand for plastic additives in Mexico from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 102: Demand for plastic additives in Mexico from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 103: Demand for plastic additives in the USA from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 104: Revenues generated with plastic additives in the USA from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 105: Demand for plastic additives in the USA from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 106: Demand for plastic additives in the USA from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 107: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Brazil from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 108: Demand for plastic additives in Brazil from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 109: Demand for plastic additives in Brazil from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 110: Demand for plastic additives in Brazil from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 111: Demand for plastic additives in Other South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by application
Table 112: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Other South America from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 113: Demand for plastic additives in Other South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 114: Demand for plastic additives in Other South America from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 115: Revenues generated with plastic additives in China from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 116: Demand for plastic additives in China from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 117: Demand for plastic additives in China from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 118: Demand for plastic additives in China from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 119: Revenues generated with plastic additives in India from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 120: Demand for plastic additives in India from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 121: Demand for plastic additives in India from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 122: Demand for plastic additives in India from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 123: Revenues generated with plastic additives in Japan from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 124: Demand for plastic additives in Japan from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 125: Demand for plastic additives in Japan from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 126: Demand for plastic additives in Japan from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 127: Demand for plastic additives in South Korea from 2019 to 2031 – split by applications
Table 128: Revenues generated with plastic additives in South Korea from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 129: Demand for plastic additives in South Korea from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 130: Demand for plastic additives in South Korea from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types
Table 131: Revenues generated with plastic additives in the remaining countries of Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 in million USD and million EUR
Table 132: Demand for plastic additives in Other Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by application
Table 133: Demand for plastic additives in Other Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by products
Table 134: Demand for plastic additives in Other Asia-Pacific from 2019 to 2031 – split by plastic types